Asenti d tanukra n tayduda tarrifect
Addad amatu jar 1912-1920
Itɛin ur nudjeɣ ca aṭṭas umi nessiwer xf sidi mḥned amezyan waxxa netta umi itraɣan “bab n tnzbayt di timidi wis 20”, minzi imussuten nes nitni i yarzmen tiwwura xf tinneɣni ujar xf tenni isrmden amadal di taryazt d tiɣit tenni n Mulay Muḥend, uɛawed di tidet aqqa mkur tigawt di Arrif teḥdaj adlis ines waḥdes, u danita ntassed neccin ɣir ḥuma ad nessareɣ ca tfawin s umata (en general) xf min imsaren s tagdlet (en bref) bac ad nawed ɣar iswan inssares deg usenti n tarezzut a.
Mamec nessen di Mayyu 1912 nɣin sidi Mḥend Amezyan u qber ines s ca n wayyur d sin imalasen di 30 mares ad isinya asulṭan aɛalawi Ɛabdel hafid agatu n taḥersa, xenni tamurt n Amarrakec ad tadef adu tqebbiḍt n Fransa d Ṣbanya u ad asen tsellem timura nnes, bac ad arren zeɛma amarwas nsen id itarsen i rmexzen.
Amarrakec xenni ira iteddar ijn waddad d aɛeffan s wattas s unegmed min iqqnen ɣar min idjan d ademsan (économique), adelsan (culturelle), asertan (politique), aydudan...
Deg waddad a yeddar Arrif ussan nes ibarcanen awarni i wegraw n lxuzirat deg ussgwas n 1906 ikksen amḥizwar ni ituɣa jar Aliman d Briṭanya d Fransa d Ṣbanya, mani teṭṭef Ṣbanya Arrif d tiniri uɣedjuy (seḥra) u teṭṭef Fransa Amarrakec.
Tanzbayt tameqrant i yega Sidi Mḥend amezyan i ysqas Ṣbanya deg wattas n txessura deg imenɣan n Card (kret), Iɣzar n wccen, Ijeḍyawen ...
Ismketta Madrid di txessura nes di Amrika n yffus (1899) d Lfilibbin (1898), marra manaya jjin tt ad tadef s ca-cway ɣar Arrif awarni i 1912.
aked min terqa n tnzbayt nneɣni di Arrif-uɣedjuy deg ukud ni, s unegmed awarni umi tudef Madrid ɣar Tittawin assgwas n 1913, min isnekkaren ijjen tagrawla d tameqrant adu teḥngart n umerdas n weld sidi lḥsen, iggin ijjen uzeyyar d axatar xf tiɣermt n Tittawin, xelli tuɣa rebda takkwaḍen as d tibratin zeg umɣar n Tittawin Xussi Marrina, tibratin ni i day s itzadjan, maca netta isiɣa di tanzbayt nes ar ami i xafs qḍan deg ussgwas n 1915 (1).
U yeqqar Ɛabdel ɛziz temsamani xelluq belli tanzbayt n yegga weld sidi lḥsen d asiɣi n i tenni n Mḥend Amzyan u yareni yeqqar “... aqqa din ict n tidet nneɣni belli abarru n Irifien ssentan awarni i wsnag n Mḥend Amezyan (1912) hekkwan ɣar Arrif uɣedjuy bac ad bedden ak tanzbayt taɣerfant idja issgwar ccrif aɛalami weld sidi lḥsen ...”(2) ad neqqim deg uɣedjuy n arrif u di temnaḍt n Laɛrayec d lqser lkbir tuɣa din ict tnzbayt nneɣni xelli nettat tuɣa tudart nes d tazirat maca ur tettwassen ca attas, u mac tuɣa xf ixf nes amerdas aḥmed tazya lwehhabi niɣ a mux id as traɣan Mulay Lbeggar, tanzbayt ines tssenta zg 1911 ar 1927 u teddar ujar zi 16 issgusa, u mara tanzbayt tamezwarut n sidi weld lḥsen teqqen ɣar Mḥend Amezyan ntaff tameggarut a teqqen ɣar umussu n Mulay Muḥend.
U mamec tuɣa din ijjen wezday jar sin imussuten a, u ad iban ujar umi yarra uselway Mulay Muḥend, Mulay lbeggar d Rqayed xf ayt ɛrus(3).
U mara nbedd ɣar min tɛawdven midden di Arrif ad taff ad nssij xf ict tmeqqant d taɛeffant tesmun Ṣbanya tiqebbar am ayt tuzin d temsman d ayt uriccec awarni i wssgwas n 1912 s ca n imenɣan msaren jar asen tesscmed day s Ṣbanya agra nsen, maca yetɣima manaya d awar u yudes ɣar tidet xelli amenni, ujar deg ukud ni ira mezri ameqran i ɣars ɣar Ṣbanya ḥuma ad tawed ɣar Beyya s mamec mma, u min yarnin addad ad yiri cway waha, tzawa (razaɣ) ni ireqfen Arrif manaya ira yedja d tafart deg ufus n Ṣbanya bac ad tarni deg isuraf nnes adaxer i Arrif. ar mani tiwed deg ussgwas n:
1909: Ayt buyfrur, Serwan, (Iqerɛien) Aɛarwi (Ayt buyeḥyi).
1912: Ayt cicar ( Iqeroien).
1914: Tizḍuḍin (Ayt buyeḥyi).
1919: Trata n bubkar (Ibḍarsen).
1920: Driwc (Ibḍarsen), midar (Ayt tuzin), Tafarsit, Ayt sɛid, Ayt uriccec.
1921: Anwar sidi dris (Tamsaman)(4).
Di 1920, iṣbunya tuɣa ten deg uzru n tfarsit (badu ibettan Ayt tuzin xf Tfarsit) d dhar ubarran (tamsaman) u dg uzru n tfarsit ɣad terqef raxart ur itwassen amentil nes babas n Mulay muḥend Ɛebbkrim awaryiɣer, u deg unsa ni di ɣad arnin Iṣbunya Irifien ɛawed tani.
U zeg uɣezdis nneden imeqranen n iṣbunya munen di tayzart n Nkur ḥuma ad myannan xf waddad n arrif d man tt tibridin ɣad dfaren ḥuma ad adfen ɣar taqbict n ayt waryiɣer, agraw i ɣad ismunen sin ijiniralten imeqranen wenni n usemmar xf Mritc Silbistri d wenni n uɣedjuy xf Tittawin Bringeyyir, u dag s innan s sin ayt sen ixess ad ssidfen adwas (force) maḥend ad arnin tiqebbar ni i ɣad kidsen ɣad imenɣen(5).
Xenni isɣuyy Bringeyyir zzat i twassit “wa d amsagar nneɣ ameggaru xf ubrid n yil, di radas ad nemsagar xf uɛrur n yeyysan nneɣ xf ubrid ucar, minzi iymaren n Irifien ad ten nḥekk s idaren nneɣ”(6).
U ad ikunfirma Bringeyyir min inna di tezrut n Nkur i weɣemmis n Telegramme del Rif s uzemz n 7-8 Abril 1921 u ɛawed tani deg uneqqis nnes i yssek i tanbaḍt taṣbanyut adu uzmez n 1921-04-17(7).
Taycit ni n trennawat d tenni ɣad yejjen Silbistri ad yini iggwar ad nsu atay deg uxxam n Mulay muḥend... maca di tidet ira war yessin min it itrajan deg ubrid ines ɣar ayt warryiɣer.
Ad nsbedd cway Krunulujya n tigawin a ad nedwer cway ḥima ad nessiwr xf tudart n Mulay Muḥend zg wasmi irur ar 1920.
Byugrafya n Mulay Muḥend ar 1920.
Irur mulay muḥend di teqbict n ayt warryiɣer assgwas n 1882, yeɣra di tɣerbazt di Tittawin, awarni mi ɣad iraḥ ɣar fas ḥuma ad infarar ak tɣuri ines di tsdawit n Lqarawyyin umi tuɣa ɣars di buḥber nes 20 issgusa, zeg uɣezdis nneɣni uma as M’ḥemmed ura d netta isqad it babas ɣar Madrid ḥima ad isala tɣuri ines di tinmel n Rmɛḍen.
Mulay muḥend umi it ttuɣa di Fas idja idffar tasertit n wakud ni s unegmeḍ umi ttfen bu teɣyuct dg iskney arni xafs umi ɣeḍren Ɛabdel ɛaziz ggin g wansa nnes Ɛabdel ḥafid(8).
Jar 1907 d 1913, ad yiri mulay muḥend di Mritc ɣar umezwar ad yiri d aselmad n tmaziɣt d taɛrabt i Irifien d Iṣbunya, mamec ɣad yiri ɛawed d amessuɣel, xenni ad issenta itari deg uɣemmis n Telegramme del rif, mani ira aselway n tira ines ijjen qqaren as Lubbin id as ywcin ict tafart deg uɣemmis s taɛrabt.
Xminni ineqqar i mulay muḥend deg wakud ni ntḥada day s taterrart (moderinité) d tameddanit (laice) d ufrak nnes ameqran s taymbiryilect tamedlant u deg uttun n 29 n sayur 1911 zeg uɣemmis n Telegramme del rif inna manaw ya “.. ruxa aqqa aneɣ deg ijj wakud nteddar adu tifawin n tiɣurma, u mara deg umezwaru ira tameqqant ismunan iwdan tbedd xf yijjed (relegion), maca ruxa tameqqant a tbedda xf ca tmsrayyin d tuɣermawwin ujar, mayenzi tasertit d ijjen ḥajet u yjjed d ijjen ḥajet nneden... ixess aneɣ war ntwiri timesaryin zi teɣmart n yjjed waha, maca ixess aneɣ ad ten twara zi teɣmart n uzarug (Indépdence) d tunamurt (Nationalisme) d tirelli ... min tteg Fransa ḥuma ad tḥaḍ xf tmura timezyanin ad isem n qasu (respect) n islam d imslmen? tettar zeg imslmen ad arren taynit i yjjed, ad arnin timzidawin... u tettraja lmehdi lmunatḍar d manaya i tarezzu Fransa u d manaya integgwed ...”(9) di llṭa n rxedmet nes deg uslmed n taɣemsa d ussuɣel, yarenid ɣars ijjen tawuri nneɣni netta umi ira yedja d rqaḍi niɣ d aselway n taɣdemt di Mritc, u ta nita d tawwuri idja ixeddem babas u s manaya Akulunil Muralis idja isrura ict tiqqet d tameqrant di Mulay Muḥend, x manaya ad yawed ad imrussen ak ujiniral jurdana d Brinegyyir.
Maca tanbaḍt tasbanyut di twarat d ict ira tessen mliḥ belli mulay muḥend aqet rebda mgal i tsertitin iteddfar Ṣbanya ak imƔaren n tqebbar irifien, deg uzemz n 1 sayur 1915 issek Gbabila ijjen tiligram zi Nkur ɣar unammas n wendah di Mritc iqqar day s “... ɣar neɣ ca ineɣmisen kunfirman aneɣ belli refqi Ɛbkrim itraja twassit n memmis ssi Muḥend zi Mritc ḥuma ad xeddmen marra mgal i ṣbnaya u adwar ines ɣar Mritc yetɣima di rmuḥar u arennin ineɣmisen nneɣni qqaren belli twassit a nnes ɣar ayt waryyiɣer d amizi d ameqran (grand danger) xf Ṣbanya(10) di 06 simbtamber ad ṭṭfen Mulay muḥend alaḥsab umi yenna zeɛma i lkabbtin Siset aselway uzemmem imezdaɣ n beyyan belli netta immexes Fransa u itxes Aliman u yesstim ad tarni bac ad yeṭṭef Arrif i war itwaḥwsen azarug nnes(11).
Xenni ad yeṭṭef Akulunil Rikwilmi Mulay Muḥend xelli dinni jar asen ict tiddukla d tameqrant, u ad itwaḥḥbes di tkurmut (prison) “Kabbaliziras” di Mritc, di 23 Dujambir idja ixes ad yarwer maca ɣar umeggar yarrez zeg uḍar, ad iraja ar ussgwas n 1918 id as ɣad arxun, uca ad irḥḥeg ɣar wejdir mani babas idja itraja tt dinni u ad yiri d amqran n ayt waryiɣer awarni i umettin n babas Ɛbkrim di tfarsit di 07 ɣuct 1920, u danita bac ad yawed mulay muḥend ɣar min ɣars deg wadji nnes ira dinni zzat s krad imunas d imeqqranen ixess ad ten ygg ḥuma abrid nes ɣar tayduda tarrifect ad yiri yudes:
Amnus amezwar: ḥuma ad yaff ca tebridt zi ɣad ismun jar yexsan n ayt waryyiɣer u ad yeɛda ɣar jar tqebbar marra, u manaya war yehwin ca mara nekkar nessen mammec idja iteddar arrif deg ukud nes deg waddad nnes asertan d udelsan... jar ktar amenɣi ni ameqran i dinni jar yxsan n teqbict n Ayt waryyiɣer maca surif amezwar iyegga Mulay muḥend netta d agraw ni ismunen jar yexsan n Teqbict n ayt warryiɣer niɣ “adjun xf ceṭṭḥen tt tiqebbar nniden amec yaqqar Dabid Hart”, deg imzuren g uzemz, 20 simbtamber 1920(12) da nita itic aneɣ d Muḥmed lhadi deg udlis ines “izem n arrif” ijj uzemz nneɣni di yemsar wegraw netta d 21 Ferbayer 1921, maca xelli ameni yetɣima agraw d axatar s wattas, minzi day s iwcin rɛahed ayt warryiɣer i Mulay muḥend ḥima ad bedden deg wudem uḥwes Asbanyu u days ɣar yized ɣar tamunt n “wadun xf ceṭṭḥen Irifien”.
Amnus wis sin: maḥend ad yaff taggara i tnamit ni ira yedjan deg waydud arrifi n tiniɣni n wayawya, u wanita zeg imentilen iyegga uṣbanyu ḥuma ad yadef ɣar Arrif, u smanaya arrin Lmeḥkama n Rmzemmett itareyyan s izerfan n Arrif, netta ɣar iwcen tasɣart i mkur ijjen(13) bra ma ad ineɣ uma as.
Amnus wis krad: d asmuni n tamunt n tqebbar yudsen ɣar ayt warryiɣer am Ayt tuzin d Temsaman, bac ad swizan tt deg usbeddi n ticri n iṣbunya zeg usemmar ines d uɣedjuy(14) awarni umi tuḍa Accawen d Tfarsit d Dhar ubarran deg ufus n Ṣbanya, mani ɣad isqad Mulay Muḥend ɣar Ujiniral silbistri ict tebrat itzadja day s mara yeɛda yeɣzar ameqran.
Anwar... abrid ɣar tirelli.
yeqqar Ruji Matyu areqqas n uɣemmis Afransis “Matin” belli amenɣi n wenwar yussd awarni i wattas n imenɣan imezyanen zeg umenzu 1921 umi tssenta ṣbanya tades ɣar tqebbar am Temsaman d Ayt tuzin d Ayt warryiɣer deg ukud ni idja Ṣbanya netta inṭgen i irifien ɣar min teɛqqaben ɣar udeffar(15).
Mamec tisekkirin tiserdasin war qqimen tt acnaw min yeɛdan u bdan irifien nṭgen ra d nitni s djiret, awarni i txessart n Tfarsit iṣbunya tɣiren amenni ɣad raḥen iseddyen n imenɣan nneɣni, maca war tessin belli deg wass n 26 zi Arendan itmqabaren ak umenzu n yunyu ira sswajjaden irifien ijj unṭag d ameqran xf ddhar ubarran di ɣad sqasen irifien ict twarat nneɣni ṣbanya ict txessart d tamrzzagt.
Dhar ubarran ɣar negh neccin iriifen itwassen ujar zeg imenɣan nneɣni, u xafs ifetren temɣarin izran, mani s drus irifien nɣin ujar 150 iṣbunya u day s isqeddcen Imerdas Irifien imeyra ḥuma ad wten Iṣbunya, u xf tixutra n umenɣi ya yeqqar Jerman Ɛeyyac “s mgal mammec idja yetɣir Bringeyyir d Silbistri, belli amenɣi n dhar ubarran d netta ɣad yarnin di taryazt i yrifien ... netta iyjjin Mulay muḥend ad isscmed marra iɣarruba nes, arrin tt tiqebbar marra ad xafs nnḍen tt ḥuma ad ten tt yawi ɣar trennawt, g wass ni, yekkar umenɣi mgal i urubba taymbiryalect, u netta amenɣi aɣerfan amezwaru ... deg wansa ni deg wakud ni iyessneta umeɣni n Arrif”(16).
Awarni i ddhar ubarran ad ttfen irifien attas imucan ɣar yedja tixutra zzay sen Sidi dris di Temsaman di Tizi ɛezza deg Ayt tuzin bac ad awden ad qessen mammec ma tegga ca n twiza zi Mritc ɣar Silbistri u qessen tt nican di sin n twaratin awrud ma ad yekkar umenɣi n wanwar dg uzemz n 19 d 16 n yulyuz, awarn as ad yemsar umenɣni zi ɣad ttwassnen irifien ɣar umadal amen ikmer deg wass n 21 n sayur, mani ṣbnaya ad tqass tanya taxssart nes i war iqettin zzat irifien d tiɣit n Mulay muḥend d tabɣest n irifien, di 21 sayur ad isscen aydud a amezyan amadal mecḥar tsekkwa tirelli.
Xminni indakkwar ɣar igumad (les résultats) n wenwar, ntaff imarezzuten deg umezruy temsbḍan xf wattas jar Rubirt Furnu i yennan aqqa irifien nɣin ujar zi 18,000 uṣbanyu d Migil Martan d Lɛalami muḥmed d tanbaḍt taɛbanyut i yennan inni innurien war ɛdin 8.000 ijj!!(17) irifien di tuɣa djan di 600 ayt sen zzat i 24,000 umerdas asbanyu.
Da idja iyxes silbistri ad isu atay deg uxxam n Mulay muḥend ɣar umeggar inɣa ixf ines di texzant am ca n tyazidt d tamaggwadt, mani imerdas nnes idja sessen ibeccicen nsen ak skwar.
Awarni i wmenɣni n wenwar idja ixes ajiniral Nabaru ad imezzeɣ xf uɛarwi maca ɛawed tani ad asen imerdas d imjahden irifien ad ten wsqen zi senni di min itwasssen s rɛahed uɛarwi, di 02 ɣuct Nadur d Serwan ad ɣars tiri tirelli, di 09 ɣuct Ṣbanya war ɣars yetɣimi mɣir Mritc d sebta d teyzirin iceffaren.
Maca azegal i yegga Mulay muḥend netta umi war yejji aserdas arrifi ad yadef ɣar Mritc, u ɛawed umi war yudif ɣar Fas deg yeffus n Tayduda, u imri yemsar wadaf a d usrillet ad tiri teffeɣ ṣbanya d Fransa qaɛ zi Arrif, amec yenna Saɛid Lxeṭṭabi, tidet azegal a netta zeg imentilen ɣad yejjen tayduda tarrifect ad tuḍa.
Tanbaḍt d taddiblumasect Tarrifect.
Tarennawt n wenwar tejja Mulay Muḥend ad isqad ɣar imeɣaren n tqebbar ḥuma ad ggen ca useqqim i ɣad issarsen tamndawt n tayduda tarrifect mani aɣetas amezwaru id ifɣen zeg ugraw ni ad sselmsen aseqqim amatu adu isem n tmsmunt tanamurt Tanya arrin ass n 18 simbtamber d ass uzarug n tayduda tarrifect(18).
Aɣtas amezwru n tmsmunt tanamurt (association national) d afsar uzarug anamur d uselmes n tanbaḍt tamendawct i tayduda tarrifect idjan aselway ines d Mulay Muḥend, u amesdwer n temndawt tarrifect yuymed wur nnes weg izerfan idja zi gguren irifien d imaziɣen, surif nneɣni netta d rɛahed anamur iɣad isscnen i wmadal tasertit iɣad yedfar Mulay Muḥend.
1- Tayduda tarrifect wer tkessi ca zg ugatu iteḥadan ammur ujar agatu n taḥersa n 1912.
2- Ufugh n iṣbunya zi Arrif.
3- Ad twc ṣbanya tmenyat xf uḥwes n 11 issgusa itegga y arrif u ad tarxu incraf irifien i ɣars.
4 -Ṣbanya ad teƐtaref s uzarug n irifien.
5- Aselmes n tmeqqanin ak marra timura umadal.
6- Tettar tayduda ad tiri deg ugraw n tmura imunen.
U xf wi yedjan di tenbaḍt msbḍan attas inemzruyen d imarezzuten xf bettu n iɣebura iṣbunya d ifransisen d imarrak maca mstfaqen x manaya.
Aselway amezwru mulay muḥend.
Amawas n tmesrayyin n barra mḥmed azerqan.
Amawas n tmesrayyin ugensu mḥemmed lxeṭṭabi.
Amawas n tademsa Ɛebdslam lxeṭṭabi
Tanbaḍt a tegga tizemmar nes xf sin iswiren, aswir ugensu d wenni n barra, di min iqqnen ɣar tmesrayyin n ugensu idja yemsar asrusi n ijj uwank d aterrar x uyenni itwarzem umsawad ak marra tiqebbar di Arrif, maḥend ad ggen aserdas arifi, u zeg ismawen ira yedjan deg undah amatu n udwas arifi ntaff xeriru, cɛib n mmuh, ḥeddu umḥend amezyan, muḥmed ḥimmic rqayed buḥut(19)… marra ismawen a tuɣa ten xf uzedjif userdas arifi u mac yiwed uttun n iryazen ira yedjan deg userdas ɣar 130.000 n ijj.
Maca min yedjan yesbeḥ di tayduda tarrifect ntaff taqbict amenni ijjin tamlilt nes wer tbeddren ca iqqim rqqayed itiɛiyar tamlilt nes am di qber u arrnin as min yedjan d amaynu am uzemmem n inni id itruren di yenni itmettan d tmsrayin n remracat u yarru ddaribatt maca wer ikessi ujar zi min tenna tanbaḍt(20).
Deg ussgwas n 1923 issek mulay muḥend attas ireqqasen ɣar timura n urubba ḥuma ad fsaren imentilen n umenɣi nsen ak ṣbanya u ḥuma ad zay sen ksen ca wawar zi ɣad ttfen amcan i tyaduda tarrifect dg wegraw n tmura imunen di Juniv.
Ireqqasen arrif kkind Lundun, Baris, Telmsan… maca xelli ura d ict tmurt ɣar mani raḥen wer tuci tesɣart i tayduda di taydji ines, maca attas n iryazen n tsertit ira aqqa ayen akids di tesɣart nes am Kurdun Kaning di Lundun d Walter Harris aneɣmas n uɣemmis n Times d Pwartiu tcabbarita bab n wgra abaski d uzermad afransis Bertun…
U mammec attas n temsmunin sekken di Amrika n yeffus sekken tt id tibratin ɣar Mulay Muḥend, u snwjwen tt id ɣar sen, u arrin tt amux Simun Bulibar amerdas itwassnen di Amrika talatint, tagrawla tarrifect tesrurd amyannan imɣar di urubba d asya d Amrika … u attas n inzbayen am Maw tsi tung d puji munp d tci guibara ksin zi tasmqult nnes deg usrillet.
S uya nzzemmar ad nini belli tadiblumasect tarrifect ira xf uzedjif ines Mḥemmed Lxeṭṭabi tegga tizemmar d timeqranin deg usefsar n tɣawsa tarrifect deg umaḍal, maca tidwas timberyalin ira tbeddan tt deg udem ines.
U ttetɣima tayduda tarrifect tuss d deg ijjen wakud Taymbiryalect tamedlant ira tiwed tqiccet ines, u awarni i tagrawla tabulcufit ɣad isruren ijjen uwank tamunt isubyaten, ɣad yadfen deg umenɣi aṣemmaḍ ak Umirikan awarni i wemenɣi ameḍlan wiss sin.
Akud n tayduda yuss d ɛawed di trarit n awuri asertan n hitlir ɣad iggen taydyulijit n Inazien, ak min tuɣa iteddar amaḍal deg igumaḍ n umenɣi amaḍal wis yan, s uya deg waddad a ameḍlan ad trur tayduda dig ḥad taff imxumbar d imeqranen mayenzi xmi ɣad tadef deg umenɣi ak fransa, ad tdwer tamsract tarrifect ad tmxumber ujar, jar ktar Rmexzen Amarruk ad itzwara Mulay Muḥend am ijjen rrugi nneɣni yarezzu anbaḍ, u d manaw ya ɣad yini Yussef deg ict tebrat ines u deg wawar ines di Fransa xmi ɣad ɣeḍren Tayduda tarrifect, di tafult nneɣni ad narni ad nessiwel xf imentilen ɣad imsmracen jar asen i ɣad iṣṣewḍan asenfar asertan n Mulay Muḥend d tmsract n warhaj umi ɣad nwec tasɣart ines di tɣurri ya integg.
Imessdwar
(1) عبد العزيز التمسماني خلوق، أسماء مغمورة لقادة الجهاد، مجلة دار النيابة ع 12.
(2) عبد العزيز خلوق دراسات في تاريخ شمال المغرب المعاصر، الدار البيضاء 1996، ص 33 و 34.
(3) أحمد الحليمي-ج- الريف المغربية، ع 8 ص 10
(4) ملحق خرائط كتاب أصول حرب الريف لجرمان عياش.
(5) محمد محمد عمر القاضي أسد الريف محمد عبد الكريم الخطابي مذكرات حرب الريف، تطوان1979 ص 43
(6) نفس المرجع ص 101
(7) Germain ayyache «les orogines de la guerre du Rif» op, cit , p 318
(8) محمد العلمي، زعيم الريف محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي، منشورات أطلسية، الدارالبيضاء، ص 5
(8) محمد العلمي، زعيم الريف محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي، منشورات أطلسية، الدارالبيضاء، ص 5
(9) Germain ayyache ibid; p . 185 / 186
(11) Germain ayyache ibid p 216
(12) أحمد البوعياشي، حرب الريف و مراحل النضال، منشورات جسوس و شوسبريس ج 2 1975 ص 57 58
(13) نفسه
(14) علي الإدريسي، عبد الكريم الخطابي، التاريخ المحاصر منشورات ثيفراز 2010 ص 42 43
(15) عز الدين الخطابي، محمد عبد الكريم الخطابي القائد الوطني، منشورات ثيفراز ص 28
(16) Germain ayyache “les orogines de la guerre du rif” op cit p 332
(17) علي الإدريسي، نفس المرجع، ص 62
(18) ميكيل مرتين، الإستعمار الإسباني بالمغرب، ص 66
(19) محمد العلمي، مرجع مذكور، ص 26 ،
(20) نفس المرجع
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