Irifien jar bu teɣyuct d umeẓyan
Mraw n issgusa imezwura zeg umezruy n Arrif d Marrakec zi rqan wis 20, iraren ict temlilt (rôle) d axatart deg imar nsen i d ɣad yassen, ujar umi tanbaḍt tanammast (le Gouvernement central) n rmexzen, tedwer tenumam u teḍɛec s waṭṭaṣ s wadaf n ifransisen d tidwas (les forces) n imbiryalien nneɣni am uliman d briṭanya d ssbanya s wattar nsen i rmexzen, ar ami yuffa ameggaru ya ixf nnes innuɣ deg umarwas ar tmezzuɣin, ɛawed tasertit i yeḍfar Ɛabdel ɛziz deg uzedjeɛ n wagra xf tiknulujya tamaynut itejja tagrawla tamgurant (Révolution industrielle) n taɣerma tawrubbect, tkemmer xf min iqqimen.
Maca ak uɣezdis nneɣni min idja yeqqimen deg ufus n rmexzen tuɣa iseggur it amawas amezwaru Bba-ḥmad, mamec deg wakud ni idja iɣerfan (les peoples) n tmura n Tamezɣa adu uḥwes n Fransa (Dzayar d tunes ...), rmexzen xenni tuɣa t inumam s wattas, maca ntaff imbiryalien ɛad war zɛimen ad adfen xelli addad (situation) i xf arezzun ira aqet di Marakkac, maca di tidet imenɣan ni dja din jar asen s ungmeḍ Fransa d Uliman d Briṭanya ak Sbanya, tejja tamsract tamarrakect ad tmxumber ujar u ad tayer ar imar.
Di llṭa ni Arrif yeffeɣ d zeg waṭṭas n imenɣan ra ak rmexzen ura ak Sbanya ca n twaratin swizan marra ayd sen mgal i yiɣref n Arrif, s uya yeqqim imar n irifien issudjes, deg waddad a ad tnqar tfuct n ijjen umɣwweɣ yijjin rimart nes deg umezruy n Marrakec, da nessawar xf jjilali ben ɛbdslam lyussfi zerhuni niɣ mamec itwassen ɣar waydud s buteɣyuct (ṭṭfen as isem a mayenzi di beddu n umussu nes idja itmuttuy jar tqebbar xf teɣyuct nes) niɣ amec id as traɣan yenneɣni s “rrugi”, isem Tanya itwammksid zi marra inni ittfɣen niɣ arezzun ad qerben ajartir xf tanbaḍt n rmexzen, mayenzi bu teɣuyct maci d amezwar u war itiri ca d ameggar, atarras a irur di dcar ulad yussef ttaf i wedrar n zerhun xf iɣezṣisa n tiɣremt n Fas assegwass n 1968 (1).
Buteɣyuct idja d axeddam deg iɣerm ageldan (palace royal) di tiɣremt n Marrakec, d Amaru i Mly Ɛumar umas n Ɛabdel Ɛaziz, ɣar umeggar umi xafs ttfen ca n tmsrayin ɣar barra i wsaḍuf, ssidfen tt ɣar tkurmut, awarni sin issgusa a zzay s d yeffeɣ maḥned ad iraḥ ɣar dzayar, ak tadura nes akids yedwer usenfar uɣweɣ xf rmexzen n ɛabdel ɛaziz, u bac ad yawi imsdfaren tuɣa yefssar xf ixf nes belli netta i yedjan d ajedjid n tidet “a’mḥmed ben Lḥassan” maynzi tuɣa issen belli a’mḥmed aqet di tkurmut ɣar Ɛabdel ɛaziz u ameggaru ya innuɣ di zzehu, awarni ijjen ussgwas xf usenti n tagrawla n buteɣyuct ad yawed ad yegg ict trenawt xf userdas n rmexzen, maynzi aḥengar n rmexzen war ɣar s bu tuɣi ca n tamert (experience) deg userdas d imenɣan, xenni ad yedwer bu teɣyuct itwassen, u ɛawed tugha iqqar belli Ɛabdel ɛziz ixess ad issdef irumien ɣar tmurt imsrmen(2).
Maca zeg isqsan yedjan, man tt tameqqant umussu n bu teɣyuct ɣar Arrif? tidet, rrugi ifan Arrif maḥned ad day s issars ddsas nnes i wbarru n imentilen zzay sen:
1- mayenzi itwassen xf irifien akasan (Haines) nsen i rmexzen, ujar mara neɛqbed ɣar ukrunulujya n imenɣan i tuɣa yedjan zi rebda jar irifien d rmexzen d lḥemlatt i yegga umeggaru ya xf tqebbar tireffyin, u itxiss aneɣ ad nessen belli tawala ni tuɣa anbaḍ n rmexzen war it ikkiwid ca Ar arrif, wa nita d ijjen umentil nneɣni ɛawed
2- yuss d ḥuma ad yaff ibriḍen umsawad ak zzawect taderqqawect di dzayar, u nssen belli zzwect a tirar ict temlilt d taxatart di weṭṭu n tayduda tarifect amec yenna Mulay muḥend s ires ines, Iderqawien tuɣa ten d ixwanen ɣar Fransa, u ccix Ɛabdel qader ben Ɛedda d ccix lbuɛbdli uccin awar i jjilali zerhuni ḥuma ad kids swizan s tenɛacin d tmsrayin iqqnen ɣar userdas(3).
U maḥned ad yaff ibriḍen usetteg (négotiation) ak Fransa, manaya itwayḍar di tebrat issek Ɛabdel ɛziz di ɣar ṭṭuris(4).
Ra Ak sbanya umi ɣad yegg iguta (contract) ak timettiwin (les societies) n Fransa d sbanya.
Xelli ticcemt (majorité) n tqebbar tireffyin idja djan tt ak umussu n bu teɣyuct deg umezwaru, zi tqebbar war xsen tt bu ad irin tt ak rrugi tuɣa dinni ayt wariɣer rebda teqqim mgal i wsnfar asenrtan n rrugi, ur txis bu ad kids tbedd.
Msmracen attas imentilen ijjin irifien ad nserten ɣef umussu n imɣwweɣ a zzay s iguta nnes ak timettiwin itwaggen tt maḥned ad jbden uzzar zeg ikariaren n wedrar n yeksan d iḥercawen, di 99 issgusa it id asen s smus imelyunen n bsita assgwass n 1907(5).
U ḍanita twannan attas n izran xf temsract a ad nidar sin zzay sen:
Ay adrar n yeksan, ay ssus n yexsan
Yewc icek urumi, ibna day k snayen
U wanita ijjen yezri nniden itɛawad mammec tidwas timbryalyin tuɣa tmɛujjuḍentt xf rmeɛḍen n arrif:
Ay adrar n yeksan, yeffeɣ d zzay s rmɛḍen
Teffegh d zzay s nnuqart, regnus ad mmenɣen(6).
U neccin nessen belli Takunfidiralect iqerɛien zi tqebbar ibedden zeg umezwar ak umussu n bu teɣyuct, u tuɣa di serwan din i ɣars taqsbet nes, maca awarni i iguta ya, ad tbedder tikti nsen day s, u ad ssentan iwḍan am muḥmed amezyan ad itraɣa maḥend ad wsqen bu teɣyuct zi Arrif, maca amezyan war iwid ca ɣar umezwar ɣar min ixes, rrugi zi rebda tuɣa idemmeɛ ḥima ad issars ayt waryiɣer adu tiri n unbaḍ d wayyay nnes, maca amenɣi n Buslama(7).
Di wḍen ad arzn rrugi, ad tedfaren tt tiqebbar nneɣni am Ayt tuzin d temsaman ad xafs wsqen, u ad iffeɣ zi Arrif di disamber 1908 adu i taḍagut n teqbict n ibḍarsen.
Taggara n bu teɣyuct idja tedja d taɛeffantt s wattas, uzan irem nes uccin arrimett nes i yizmawen, ar ḍanita ad tsala tanfust n buteɣyuct ak Arrif.*
Ameẓẓyan … anzbay ar umettin
Awrud ma ad nessiwel xf tnzbayt n umeẓyan, ad nssars ijjen useqsi min iɛna ameẓyan atarras?.
Ntta irur deg ussgwass n 1859, tegga tawcunt nnes ijjen zzawct deg uzeɣnɣan, tettwasen s zzawct n tarwa n ḥmed ɛbsram aqerɛi, isseɛḍa temzi ines di tmziḍa d tsebbabt ak umi yedwer d aḥudri, jar Arrif d Ddzayar, u sminzi abrid nnes idja isgged, s uya idja tweqqaren tt marra irifien, u Danita xmi tuɣa tragwḥen irifien zi Dzayar tuɣa tmunen d ak Muḥmed Amezyan ḥima ad teggen x uzedjif nsen, xelli wat yudif yeyyar asertan ar umi yeɛda 50 issgusa di buḥber ines, maca min tuɣa iteddar Arrif yejj it uɣir ad ssidef azedjif nes deg yeyyar ni ḥuma ad yexzar ad isbedd adaf aserdas n buteɣyuct niɣ n ra n Sbanya di Arrif, u mamec xafs yeqqar Jerman Ɛeyyac «aqqa ccrif muḥmed amzyan zeg imezwura ifaqqen ak buteɣyuct» s unegmed awarni umi yezzenz jjilali zerhuni adrar n yesan d iḥercawen i timetti tasbaniut n ikariaren n Arrif d ict tmetti nniden isem nes timetti n yezlmed n tafrqit (societé du nord afrique), jjilali war ibedd ca ɣar manaya waha maca yareni iwca urag (autorisation) ḥima ad ggen tt abrid n macina zi rmas n Mritc ɣar idurar n uzzar, manaya uffin tt imɣaren n tqebbar iqerɛien d ijjen usurif d ameqran ɣar usidef irrumien ɣar tmurt imsrmen, min ijjin ad arnin irifien ni tuɣa ak buteɣyuct ad zzay s fɣen, s uya itwagg ijen wagraw d axatar ismun imɣaren n tqebbar iqerɛien akk muḥmed amezyan u yeffeɣ wegraw ḥima ad sbedden abrid ni macina u ad wesqen amussu n buteɣyuct.
Tiqebbar n Arrif anammas d Arrif asammar jjin jilali zerhuni ad yaggwej xf arrif, manaya ig iɛanen ajiniral Marina ad yessek ɣar imeqranen n tqebbar iqerɛien d muḥmed amezyan ḥima ad tejjen ad ikemmer abrid n macina u ad jjen ixeddamen ad reḥgen ɣar ikariaren maca nitni ugin(8) xelli amenni ajiniral n Mritc iɣettes maḥned ad ikemmer abrid n macina uɣir xf tqebbar, awarni surif a iyega Marina nneyrun imɣaren n tqebbar di sdisyur 1909, u fɣen ḥuma ad bedden deg wudem uḥwes usbanyu, u di 09 zi sayur ad aḍgen imerdas irifien ɣef isbuniya u arrin ten ɣar mritc(9) taḍagut a tegg it sbanya d amentil i wadaf nes aserdas d usenti nes deg uḥwes n tqebbar tirefyyin.
Ra d muḥmed amezyan issenta isqada ɣar tqebbar ḥima ad kids swizant deg umenɣi nnes ak uḥwes asbanyu, war yeɛdi ca attas xf ubarreḥ nes ar ami ssentant id tiqebbar rḥgentt id s imerdas nsen tt ɣar aytmat sen yedjan deg iqerɛien mamec id ussin tt tiqbebbar ra zi radas ra zi ragwaj am ayt wariɣier, ayt bufraḥ, ayt yetteft, ayt ɛmaret(10).
Umi irifien sqasen isbunia tixessura di marra iraqqen ittxsen a dinni irin, awarni i waddad a tfren sbanya maḥned ad tegg ijjen ujiniral nneɣni deg wansa n Marina qqaren as PINTOS, umi ɣad sren irifien s ujinral amaynu itegga sbanya swjden as mliḥ i imenɣas i kides ɣad yirin deg imar yudsen uca ad yekkar ijjen umenɣni yeysi isem mani itwagg “yeɣzar n wuccen” id yussin did car n ayt ɛisa di ayt nsar taqbict n imzzujen, mamec itwassen ɣar isbunya s “El barranco del lobo”(11).
Amenɣi ya zeg imenɣan ixataren iggin irifien mgal i taymbiryalit tamedlant, ameggaru ya yejja rimart nes deg wazzay asertan asbanyu, s uya sbanya idja txes ad tarr i yixef nnes cenɛett s ca umenɣi nniden am wenni itwaggen Tanya xf uftas n yill di tqbict n ayt cicar idjan isem nes “ijedyawen”, xelli amenni irifien ɛawed ad sqasen isbunya s ijjen txessart nneɣni.
Tirennawin a i ɣar iwed aydud arifi ɛanen isbunya ḥuma ad xarrsen di ca n tasetrajit nneɣni u zzay s ad ucen tmnyat i tqbict iqerɛien d ayt cicar d imezzujen mamec yeqqar muḥemed ḥassan lwezzani deg udlis nes “iktayen n tudart d ljihad” maca di tidet netḥada day s cwayt n TANAQUD mayenzi iqerɛien di tidet nitni d ict tkunfidiralect munen day s smus n tqebbar (ayt cicar, imezzujen, ayt sidar, ayt buyafar, ayt buyfrur) maca min idjan d axatar deg ukud ni ntaff attas n tqebbar fɣen tt zeg uḍir n muḥmed amezyan s unegmed tabict n ayt wariɣer(12), u itɛaqqab manayenni ɣar tinɛacin ni iwcin isbunya i ca zeg irifien, maca di tidet amentil yeggwej cwayt xf tmezla u ntwara neccin belli amentil n tidet yejjin ayt waryiɣer ad ɛqben imerdas nes ɣar teqbict nsen umi itseran ca ineɣmisen ni tuɣa twazzuzzaran di Arrif u qqaren belli isbunya xsen ad daren zi tayzirt n nkur d badis ɣar tmnaḍt ni ɣar s yuḍsen maca iswi n tidet zeg uzuzzar n ineɣmisen a ḥuma ad jjen ayt wariɣer war swizan ca ak muḥmed amezyan u wanita d awtil issares anabaḍ asbanyu xf imɣaren n ayt wariɣer ḥuma izemmar ad kidsen isiɣa deg imestagen.
Maca ɛawed ɣar neɣ ijj useqsi da nita nneɣni deg usatal a beɛda, mani yedja rmexzen? waxxa nessen deg umezwar belli isekk umzyan ɣar Fas ḥuma ad kids tswiza deg umenɣi nes ak Sbanya, maca di tidet ntaff rmexzen mara ikkar ad yass ad taff ad yass mgal i irifien wadji akidsen u d manaya imsaren nican deg waddad n umenɣni n userlliet, u iruḥ ak uɣezdis uḥwes asbanyu umi iwḍen ad ggen ca iguta jar asen ḥuma ad ggen ict tmnaḍt di Arrif ad unɣad usbanyu d rmexzen(13) u manaya ixes ad yini ijjen ḥajet ad qessen fus i tnezbayt tarrifect(14).
Rebda deg ussgwas n 1910, issenta umezyan ɛawed itnhezza, yarrwed tiqebbar adu teḥngart nes min ijjin sbanya ad teddes ijjen sin n tanṭagin tamezwart xf ubrid n tmurt zi Mritc tenni wis sin tuɣa txes ad tegg xf ubrid n yill maca war ɣar s tiwid ca ad tegg.
Di disamber 1911, rḥeggen d abarru n imerdas irifien ɣar jnada zi senni kkin ɣar dcar n izruren deg ayt buyafar, dinni isqasen isbunya tanya ɛawed tixessura.
Deg ubrid nneɣ di ridart n izran u ḥuma ad nawed ad nades ujar ɣar rexzrat irifien ɣar waddad asertan deg ukud ni, ad ndar ca zzay sen:
Aya rqayed ameqran, ijahden s nneyet
Sidi muḥmed amezyan, amjahed ahurri
Iccaten s uzermaḍ itɛawad s ufusi
Yejja mawsa n rḥḍiḍ tserqqa timessi
Niɣ ɛawed:
Issuḍ d uṣemmid di tɣellact n urumi
Indar d xafs arebbi aqerɛi aya aweddi
Netta sidi mḥend ijahden s arumi(15).
Di may zeg ussgwass n 1912, s twiza n ca ixwannen d irifien wden ad ssnen isbunya amcan mani itiri uḥngar arifi amezyan, maca war ikkar ad iwc iman nes i wakuc ar awarni ict tnzbayt d tameqrant zzay s, di tmesract umettin n izem a, twamuḍentt attas n tenfas d imyay xaf sen tt, ad idareɣ ict zzay sen day inna wayyaw n umezyan «sareḥ naser» belli d ijjen Refqi iyenɣin muḥmed amezzyan umi i kids yezzudej di temzyḍa, maca iqseḥ bac ad nsfarez man tt tanfust yedjan nican, s umata nessen marra belli anuri nes yuss d xf ufus ixawwanen, ad nsiɣa ak izran issiwren xf raxart n wanag Arifi muḥmed amezyan :
siḍi muḥmed, yemmut ɣar uɛecci
ifaḥ as urumi yekes it di karusa
yewed ɣar wezru hemmar, yuta di karniṭa
umi id ɣad argwḥen, argwḥend di xemsa
treqa ten ḥabiba tenn asen baba mani yedja
nennas babam yemmut tenɣ it ḥarraqa
umi id as tt ɣa nini tessɣuy uca tuḍa
yeqqim ur d abarcan ixebbec it umeṭṭa
Tuss d tagrawla n muḥmed amezyan d ict tarezzut xf tirelli yeffuden irifien zi zic umezruy, tuss d ḥuma ad tini belli irifien netta d ijj waydud war ixes ca aḥwes, u d manaya i ɣad inin deg imar ak mulay muḥned xmi ɣad ggen tayduda tarrifect, min xf ɣad nessiwel di tafult it id assen
Tizmilin :
(1): CH.A. julien, le Maroc face aux impérialisme, 1978, p.43.
(2): إبن زيدان الإتحاف، ج 1 1990، ص 401
(3): ع الوهاب بن منصور، أعلام المغرب العربي، ص 309.
(4): (adu uzemz n 25 muherrem 1324/17, mares 1906, tabrat ni yefsar ɛabdel ɛaziz wehhab ben mensur deg udlis ines).
(5): الورياشي العربي، الكشف و البيان عن سيرة بطل الريف الأول سيدي محمد أمزيان، مطبعة المهدية تطوان، ط 1 1976 ص 115.
(6): الأدب الأمازيغي بالريف من الشفاهية إلى الكتابة ومأزق الترجمة، العمري ع الرزاق، 2008، ص 76.
(7): الريف قبل الحماية، ع الرحمان الطيبي، ص 299.
(8): العربي الورياشي الكشف والبيان ص 116.
(9): نفسه
(10): العربي اللوه المنهل .. .ص204.
(11): ع الرحمان الطيبي الريف الحماية، قبائل ساحل الريف الاوسط، ص 332.
(12): نفسه.
(13): نفسه.
(14): العربي الورياشي م ش ص 131.
(15): بلقاسم الجطاري، ع الرزاق العماري، الأدب الأمازيغي بالريف من الشفاهية إلى الكتابة ومأزق الترجمة ص 47، 48.
){kind=link}