(Symbolique et onomastique des personnages dans le roman: «Jar u Jar» de Muhamed Bouzaggou)
1 - Asizwar n ungal:
Izwl (titre) n ungal a netta: «JAR U JAR». Iffeɣ dd zeg taxxamt n usezreg «TRIFAGRAPH» di Abarkan, deg usegʷas n: 2004. issizwar as s tfransist «Racid ARAXA».
Ungal a yura s isklan ilatinen, dages 80 n tudmawin zi tefray timẓyanin (12.5/19.5).
Amaru n ungal netta d: Muḥammed Buzaggu ig ilulan di «dar lkebdani» di ayt sɛid, Nnaḍur. Igga aṭṭaas n tzemmar deg igar n tsekla tmaziɣt, iwweḍ ad yari kraḍ n ungalen d yan n tullizt taquḍat, d ict n tmezgunt d tira n waṭṭas isinaryuten id yessufeɣ d isaruten d imseddiyen zi yudef igar n ssinima ak wag n tadrawt Taziri (Taziri Production) itwaggen deg wsegʷas n 2007 di tendint n Naḍur.
«Jar u jar» d ijj n ungal ig yura umaru Muḥammed Buzaggu s ca n tira izdigen tt u cnan tt, awalen n tmaziɣt yenzan ssawalen zzaysen iwdan di Arif, ttarin zzagsen imaruten, awaren n tira yudsen ar usefru. D min iqnen ɣar umezruy d tusna n waydud. Manaya ismala blli amaru Muḥammed Buzaggu issij x iseqsan d imunas d isental ittenḍen deg igar n ungal di ddunit d lmerruk, iksi jar tiṭṭawin ines amnus n ca iɣezdisen zeg tmagit ira yeqqimen aṭṭas x tma, xezzaren ɣar sen s rxezrat taquḍat, yemsar as usinef d uṣɣeɛqar.
Ungal a yessawal x timetti, d tudart n waydud d ifeqqusen itiddar, d igiten iqnen ɣar tudart n yewdan deg iḍa, iḍa zages itssenta ungal: «Rexxu, ussan sqaren…», zzayes itenfarar: «…maca rexxu» .
Yessawal ungal x yan n unemgur itwasnen s «Mudrus». Mudrus netta d ijj n uḥudri umi yemmut babas deg tazanezt n usnekkar n tazebut tarbabt tagrawlit, wami ifsa umsawal jar igrawliyen/immegzalen irifiyen d uḥewwas afransis deg usuggʷas n 1926.
Targazt n imawlan d imiriwn d imgaren tedwel d walu, sdwlen t d tcmatit irgazen twarren d imurdas d imkurras d imennuray di tiṭṭawin n yeqrinen n Mudrus d waṭṭas n imezdaɣ n dcar, zzay sen iḥudriyen ixezzaren s uɣezdis s wezgen n tiṭṭ di Mudrus, s minzi ur ssinen amezruy nsen s tidett, s uyenni sseɛqaren imgaren d yargazen ig yeggin amezruy. Su ya imarz «Amarzag» i Muḥ ameqran, wtin as iɛciren ines di tcarift, ksin ak i des di tadaḥḥact .
Ddeqa n isbdaden d tikliyin, immarnin s useɣdi n yemmas n Mudrus, d umeddukel n babas: “zzufri″, d umurḍes n Ḥmitu d Ḥmmu deg ayel wami netnin rezzun ad ẓwan ajemmaḍin i waman ɣar irumiyen; jjin t Mudrus itaka (itaca) s uwezwez d uneẓbar di rajjaɣ n wul nnes. Maca asduri (couver) isigga babas ameqran d yemmas tameqrant, d txusi nnes i tmesliwt n tinfas d awalen istɛawaden xmin imsaren di zic, wint ar usfukker x umsewḍi n yeḍa x iḍnnat.
Iḍa itman/itban d gs blli araten/ isuta (génératoins) ugjen x uzalen (les valeurs) i ten itqnen ak ucal n tmurt, razzun ad ddaren x tma waha, trawgren a barra ɣar miden mix uzlen imɣaren nsen iḍnnat.
Iḍa yedewl amɣar itteggi t rmexzen zeg iwdan miɣar yetwala timura, agra, yenni yuɛlan, yenni iqqaren wah war texsen ḥed ad asen yini uhu, yenni i issaɣen udmawen axmi ssaɣen baṭaṭa, yenni iznuzan awal ssaɣen aseɣdi.
War yelli am aṭṭas uya, rami tuɣa imezdaɣ tmunen temharwaḍen jar asen, smunan awal nsen x wenni i ɣa yilin xaf sen. Amɣar nsen teggen t s ufus n sen…
Ɛmar n Ɛmar (Ɛmar Ameẓyan) netta d amɣar iggi t rmexzen bla ma ad yali ula ad ihwa, ur yewti s ufus ula s uḍar. Di akud mani ntaf imɣaren d yargazen iwtin aqarṭas mmurḍusen, twattun, twasinfen x tma, zzaysen wen u yufin xlli d andel jar inagan n rebbi (Les martyrs) u zzaysen wen ummi ur xes sliwlen wami immut.
Min imsaren, babas n Mudrus d Muḥ ameqran babas ameqran ijja yemmas tssula (ressembler) anigri nsen amaknaw adqqis (tcumɛet) iraqqen s ukemmuḍ maḥend ad tssaɣ tfawt i ḥed nneḍni, zdat ma ad itwanḍer min itɣiman zzages deg ufraḍ.
Waxxa Mudrus yuka s uwezwiz d tiqqest, maca radas nnes a Muḥ ameqran iẓẓu d ayes asitem deg imal: “war teqniḍ xa ad yas ijj n wass war itɣimi manaya ad tecna tɣuri ad ac tecna tudart” .
Amessungal waxxa itɛawad x iyḍa, itxes ad issen min imsarn deg umezruy, s uya iqqar x yels n Mudrus ittemsawalen ak yemmas tameqrant:
- manaya snex t, siwel ayi x min iɛdun.
- min iɛdun awal xaf s d azirar.
- ura d iɛa awal xaf s d azirar…!
Da ntaf amaru ismaktut (se rappeler) tiɣuni jar umezruy, d iḍa d imal, dani ntaf iqqar ict n tidet izgur nnan tt inemzruyen: “aydud umi iweddar umezruy itweddar as ula d imal” .
S uya ad ikkar ad yarzu ad issen min imsarn, awarni tibratin n “Zzufri” id as d itawḍen zi Fransa, manaya indhi t ḥuma ad issen tidet itwanɣen imurḍsen deg iqemmumen n imezdaɣ. Iwwi t manaya ad iffeɣ zi tmurt ad iraḥ ɣar Fransa, ad isefarar tɣuri nnes. Maca maḥend ad issen min yemsaren i babas.
Iraḥ Mudrus ɣar Fransa, yewweḍ ad imsagar ak ”Zzufri” ameddukel n babas, ig yufa ihruri yesraw di tassuyt gi “sbbiṭṭar”, yehrek s tunikt (reɣrubiyyet) d unekki di tmurt n midden ixemmer itislaw itwakref jar reḥyuḍ ibarcanen… tubbarcent n uɣezzu (reḥbes) mani yekka 20 n iseggusa wami xes zzurfen (ḥekmen) ifransisen, iqqim netta itusus s ragʷaj d tattut.
Amsagar jar Zzufri d Mudrus ijja ameggaru ya, itarra d niɣ yesdwaled cway zeg ixef nnes, iwweḍ ad issen x yels n zzufri aṭṭas n iɣezdisen zi tidet ira yennufren s icttiḥen d ixarrqen n yewdan.
Amsagar a ijja Zzufri itarra d tizemmar d temẓi ɣar arimet (taddut) nnes ira iqarmen, yejji t ad yini aṭṭas n awalen n tidet ira war yessin Mudrus x babas d umeddukkel nnes.
Azwl n ungal “JAR U JAR”, asentl ines ameqran i ssawalen x ca n iɣezdisen zi tudart n Mudrus, anemgur ameqran zeg inemguren n ungal; ig iddaren jar u jar, jar min itsla d min war iẓṛi, jar tidet d uxarreq, jar babas aked war yimi d yemmas iZummen x wawal, jar tirja ines d timuc, jar tazzra d ubeddi, jar tarjijat n wul d uhardef n tmijja, jar umuɣzer d umenɣi, jar tudart d tamennawt, jar as d netta d zzufri… jar u jar i iyma Mudrus.
Ungal a ur tessiwil ɣir x tanemgurt n Mudrus, maca tessawal xlli x ca n tinemgurin nneḍnni ig itɣima d ammegnt (présenc) nnes deg aduf n ungal ɣars araq imɣar maḥend ad yili usijji x addaden (les attitudes) illan di timetti (société) i xef yessawal ungal.
Itban blli Muḥammed Buzaggu ismutter s tira n ungal u ɣares afus d azirar deg igar a, waxxa amux nssen asenflul (création) n ungal d ijj n waggi yecqa u yeqseḥ bezzaf, maca yecna u iguda i wen ur yezmaren ad yeksi awal di alta n tamseddeqt/“ṭṭabu”, u mcḥar yemɣar u yiriw “ṭṭabu”… s uya ttased tira n ungal n Muḥemmed Buzaggu maḥend ad tili d ict n tectut/tagunit (occasion) tarẓem x reɛyaret n temẓi d tasunḍat (sarcasme) d turda/unzzul (doute) d timewda (paradoxes) n tudart d imacnawen d iseqsan issendafen, issekmḍen. Akkaz (intuition) nnes yujar aɣtas/aɣaws (décision), assinen yujar iml, asdduggem yujar assumeg.
S uya tass d tadast a, Maḥend ad neg ict n tazrawt i wsentl n usdduggem n izawalen d tecniyyat tinemgurin deg ungal “jar u jar”, zdat ma ad nemmuti ad nessiwel x usentl a, ntseqsa: min ixes ad yini usddugem? Man asussen n izawalen d tecniyyat?
2 - Asussen n usdduggem:
Ur nezmmar ad nuc yan usussen waha i usddugem; maɣar din aṭṭas n i ssussinen ig itwawcen zeg waṭṭas n tadasin; imsar x sent ijj n umezli imɣar jar imesigglen ig yufin ixef nsen alendad yan n tmukerist tameqrant, suya ntaf teggen aruggay jar asdduggem d tadugamt (signe) .
Amya ntaf amawal itwasnen s “le petit Robert” isussen asdduggem niɣ akebab (symbole) blli d tadugamt n akaz (est un signe de reconnaissance) deg umsawaḍ jar sin n yedsen. U netta d tagensest (représentation) n ca neḍni ar itunza niɣ arigwddel (chose d’abstrait ou d’absent) .
Deg uɣeẓdis nniḍen, amawal «la rousse» isussen akebab s marra min illan iddar niɣ d lḥajet ssawalen zzayes iwdan amaknaw: «lmizan» itenamak (signifier) taɣedmt (la justice) deg amawal «le Hachette», akebab ixes ad yini aṭṭas n tidugamin n usseqdec (utiliser) zzagsen tt s umtawi maḥend ad temsar ict n tagensest tmun temɣar ɣares raǧaj.
S uya ntaf, blli din agnu (problème) ḥuma ad naweḍ ɣar yedj n usussen imun i usdduggem niɣ akebab ad texsen marra imesiggelen irazzun di talsasnit (Anthropologie) niɣ di tsekla niɣ di tiklisnt.
Nzemmar ad nini blli akebab netta d ca ixes ad yini nneḍni acku din tɣuni (relation) jar asen, netta d ict n tadugamt itwaggen s umtawi x unamek nnes jar bezzaf n yewdan.
Mara akebab/asdduggem d ijj n yigar imɣar di tudart n ufeggan, yezgur tutlayt d taɣeẓint, d netta ismalan - amaknaw tisit - udmawen n tidet yujgen aṭṭas.
Akebab asussen ines itmewḍa zeg uraq ɣar uraq, zeg aydud ɣar aydud, ḥuma ad nessen mliḥ min ixes ad yini akebab a ixes ad nedwel ɣar tusna n waydud mani itssims akebab a. Amaknaw ini (couleur) acemlal ixesen ad isddugemen tazzdugi di ca n tmurt, maca isdduggem a ca nneḍni ɣar ca n waydud nneḍni.
Akebab d assinen izemmar ad yili s tifrit (mot) n awal itwanna niɣ yura, s umussu (mouvement) s tawlaft, niɣ s ca nneḍni.
Di tadelsa (culture) tamaziɣt ntaf din ammegnet (présence) imɣar n ukebab/asdduggem, deg ires, deg awal, deg usefru (deg izlan) deg tasrit (prose) di tarja di aruḍ di aṭṭas n iɣezḍisen n tusna iqnen ar tuɣrma d ufeggan amaziɣ.
3 - Asussen n izawalen d tecniyyat (tislfas):
Isem, izul, asemqar… netnin d ict n tadugamt (signe) d arra/ineg (dessiner) d tattayt (caractéristique) tetwag u tetwawc i ca maḥend ad zays itwassen, ad yili d afeggan niɣ d rmaragnaw niɣ d ca nneḍni.
Asemqar netta d tadugamt tawaliwt (signe verbal) zayes itwassen unemgur u zages yetɣlay (distinguer) x ḥed nnedden, maḥend ur itmmerwas akid sen.
Izul utarras netta d tameggit nnes, itwassen zzays, qqarn as d zzays di twacunt nnes tameẓyant niɣ di twacunt tameqrant deg aydud niɣ deg talesa (humanité) u netta d tisit n tanemgurt. Isem d tasɣart d azref zi tseqqar n ufeggan mani ma deg umaḍal. Asemqar itmewḍa ɣar sin: Asemqar n unemgur (nom personnel/prénom) izi yetglay jar ayt twacunt ines, u d nettat iticcen i utarras xmi id iturar ɣar tudart ad taf ɛad d isegmi.
Asemqar n twacunt (nom familial) zzays itmmerwas ag ayt twacunt ines.
Asemqar n unemgur niɣ utarras d tanga talsasnt (Anthropologie) d timettisnt (sociologie) ɣares aṭṭas n unamek izemmar ad aneɣ iwadem ɣar negra/nefra (comprendre) timetti mi xef n tteg tarzzuyt. Asemqar n twacunt, aṭṭas uya, ira itssims ɣar teqbitc niɣ ar dcar niɣ ar tendint niɣ ar uraq mani yurar utarras, niɣ s ca n tifras n taddut itwassen zzaysen tt utarras. S uya ira isem unemgur niɣ n twacunt, d tislfas/tecniyyat s wadamen tt ad nessen aṭṭas n inumak ur xef sen asiwl s yires. Ira zemmar ad nessen iẓewran n utarras d taqbitc d tameggit ines.
Tecniyyat niɣ tislfas teggen ten tt iḥudriyen jar asen i wya d uya, x tmegga nsen, niɣ x awal nsen. D ttenni i zi ten tt raɣan ula d iwdan imeqranen, ddakʷren tt d ismawen i kidsen id ittassen.
Tecniyyat d isemqaren daysen u kessin asdduggem, s uya ttass d tarzuyt a i ɣa negg ḥuma ad nessaɣ cway n tfawt x usduggem n izawalen d tecniyyat n inemguren deg ungal “jar u jar”.
4 - Asdduggem (Askebab) n izawalen d ticniyyat (tislfas) deg ungal:
Tacan imessungalen s ijj umnus d ameqran, maḥend ad farnen niɣ ad ucen isemqaren d ticniyyat i tnemgurin n ungal nnsen.
Deg igar a, ntaf ungal «jar u jar» tessegn tt aṭṭas n izawalen d tislfas, iwweḍ uṭṭun nnsen: 19, zeg sen tt 10 n isemqaren (ismawen), 06 n iwtman, 04 n twetmin. U 11 n ticniyyat, zzay sen tt ict n tewtemt, 10 n tislfas i nemguren d iwetman, sin (02) n tinemgurin mmesnayent s usemqar d taslfast: Muḥ ameqran d Ɛmar amezyan. (x zar taflut utṭṭun wis: 1 d 2).
Tesmalan tt tiflwin wis yan d sin, blli aṭṭas n inemguren n ungal zi tazaka i wetman 14, alendad 05 n tinemgurin n twtmin. Tinemgurin a tsussnen tt a kraḍ (03) n araten; ara (asatu) n imawlan imeqranen, ara n ibabaten d tyemmatin, d ara n tarwa d wayyawen. Isemqaren n ara wis yan qnen ar umezruy, yuca sen amaru Muḥammed Buzeggu isemqaren mmesnayen uttfen ar usemqar n Muḥemed i yexsen ad yini amtukaday d tamayt deg sussem umawal id itawin ak usussen nsen deg ungal, amacnaw: Muḥ/Muḥamed ameqran, Mḥemmed n Mḥemmed, ssi Muḥend. Yina marra, sdduggimen aumezruy n iqnen var wakud n taznezt n tabeddit (résistance) deg udem n uḥewwas assbbanyu d ufransis.
Inemguren n ara wis sin, din ummi yucca yas umaru asemqar amaknaw: yemmas: Yamna isdduggemen tayemmat tamimunt, d traytmas tayemmat innuryen di memmis icca uyel, d Ɛmar n Ɛmar amezyan babas n Timuc tamarayt nnes isdduggemen ɣar ca n yewdan ixsen ad awḍen x uɛrur n mmiden d uswizi ak rmexzen.
S uya Ɛmar n Ɛmar ɣares agra issiwḍ i t rmexzen ad yili d amɣar amen ur yiɣri, asemqar a ittawi dd di ca n isemqaren n ca imɣaren swizan ak usbbanyu di min iɛdun, uɛad swizan ak rmexzen n lmerruk, yina aqan udsen mani iddar u yezdeɣ amaru Buzeggu.
Abaran d taslfa itwawc i babas n Mudrus minzi waxxa netta d ameɣnas igga targazt, maca ur t yessin memmis ula d tarwa n dcar, s ixariqen ixes itwannan idwel d akerras, xlli d andel ines ur t issin ḥed. Ameddukel nnes Zzufri yuc as umaru ticnyyat tesdduggum x ara n yewdan irifiyyen iggin targazt maḥend adeddaren di tmurt nsen ɛizzen s tirelli, maca ar unegar ufin ixef nnsen di bara d imetlaɛ znuzan tidi, ssususen taddut, tjiyyafen iman nnsen maḥend ad ssegmen tamurt n miden tamurt n iɛdawen idriben umezruy..
Inemguren n ara wis kraḍ, mala nejja Tlaytmas d Timuc tamarayt n Mudrus, ntaf marra isemqaren d ticniyyat (tislfas) yucca Buzeggu i yinemguren a ur ḥrin tt; amaknaw: Amarzag “asemqar (isem) nnes Muḥemmed, minzi netta d amezwar n babas… ggin as amarzag ar ami tufin day s ḍrabet, war it sedḥi, d axewwan, iccat iwdan s umezyan d umeqran, mani ma tega ca n tmegga war teḥri iggit”, Cbareq “tiṭṭawin mɣaren tt as deg uɣembub iccuren s inuqqab”, Lgut mmis n umɣar n dcar, yina d iḥudryen n dcar twalan mɣar rirart, ɣarsen tudart am ij n uqeṭṭus n rirart ɛemmares ad iqda, qaɛ war ten icqi ca, war gsen amnus ura d afeqqus, tma n ubrid d unni d rmageḥ nnsen. Tmunen din, smurdusen ussan nnsen .
Ḥmitu d Ḥemu isemqaren n sin inemguren n ungal zi tarwa n dcar ig yawren zi tmurt nsen ar tamurt n midden, maca ur uwwiḍen, zi ten yecca ayel yendarin dd abara. S uya, yina sdduggimen ar iharrgen ig tetlaɛen/iɛarqen. Yucca sen umaru isemqaren a acku imenneɛraq/ imetlaɛ nesnin u twasnen, xlli d aseɛreq Ur iqqim s tanufra. Maca isemqaren itwawcen i sin inemguren a twaskukḥen, manaya is mala neɣ addad (l’attitude) n umaru illan amengal (contre) aɛraq/ufuɣ ig yegga Ḥemu d Ḥmitu.
Itɣima Mudrus zeg inemguren n ara wis kraḍ, netta d iḍa, netta d imal… s tizmmar nnes tiquḍaḍin irazzu ad yessen, ad yeddar tidet… ad yili netta d asdduggem n umeɣnas itmussuyen gi ijj n yigar iccur s isennanen d tɛkraf d imxumbar.
Mudrus netta d tanemgurt tamenzawit deg ungal, ɣares aqqan ak inemguren nneḍni deg ungal, xzar tasekkilt a s wadday:
Isaɣulen:
1 - Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Ticri x tama n tasarawt. 2001, Trifagraph, Berkane.
- Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Jar u jar. 2004, Trifagraph, Berkane.
- Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Tudart dg undr. 2015. Iqraa, Nadour.
2 - Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Ifri n Σuna. 2015, Trifagraph, Berkane.
3 - Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Waf. 2009, Al anouar Almagharibia, Oujda.
4 - Amakcaw: Sellam d dimitan, Mimunt ,2013, Iperita, Stop, 2014/2017, Nigru, 2018, Xamis 84, 2019. D umzaru n Adyus Karmen s uzwil n tadrawt Taziri iwwin aṭṭas n tsemɣurin d tiwsiyin, deg ubrid ar issufeɣ Mɣrirḍu...
5 - wen ixsen ad yessiriw tusna x tadrawt n Taziri ad ixzar tansa nnes ki intirnit: http://taziriprod.com
6 - Mohamed BOUZAGGO: JAR U JAR, asedwel izgur, tudemt wis: 1.
7 - Asedwel s iman t ines, tudemt wis: 80.
8 - Asedwel s iman t ines, tudemt wis: 8.
9 - Asedwe s iman t ines, tudemt wis: 12.
10 - Asedwel, s iman t ines tudemt wis: 17.
11 - Asedwel s iman t ines, tudemt wis: 12.
12 - Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Ticri x tama n tasarawt. Asedwel izgur, tudemt wis: 108.
13 - Xzar: - Gilbert Durand: l’imagination symbolique, 1ère édition presse universitaires de France, 1964, p: 11.
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14 - Le dictionnaire le robert, le mot «symbole».
15 - Dictionnaire la rousse, librairie la rousse, 1986.
16 - Dictionnaire Hachette, le dictionnaire de notre temps. Paris, 1992.
- أنظر أيضا: مجدي وهبة: معجم المصطلحات الأدبية، طبعة لبنان، 1974 ، ص: 552
17 - Mircea ELIADE: images et symboles. Essais sur le symbolisme magico - religieux. Tel Gallimard, p: 13.
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18 - - فاروق خورشيد، عالم الأدب الشعبي العجيب، كتاب الهلال (سلسلة شهرية تصدر عن دار الهلال بمصر) عدد: 447، مارس، 1988، صص: 11-12
- صبري منصور: “الرمزية في الفن الحديث”، مجلة عالم الفكر، م. س، ص: 136
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- العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية، المادة الرابعة والعشرون
- الاتفاقية الدولية لحقوق الطفل، المادة السابعة
22 - رشيد الحسين: وشم الذاكرة معالم أمازيغية في الثقافة الوطنية، ط: 1، مطابع أمبريال، 2002، ص: 73
23 - Mohamed BOUZAGGOU: Jar u jar. Asedwel izgur, tudemt wis: 7.
24 - Xzar: Hamon PHILIPPE: Pour un statut sémiologique du personnage. Issuɣli tt a ṯaεrabṯ: Saεid ben-krad ajiɣ n uzwel :
-سيميولوجية الشخصيات الورائية. تقديم عبد الفتاح كيليطو، دار الكلام، الرباط، 1990، ص: 53
25 - Asedwel s iman t ines, tudemt wis: 2.
26 - Asedwel s iman t ines, tudemt wis: 6.
